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Demyelinating Disease Information

A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged.[1] This impairs the conduction of signals in the affected nerves, causing impairment in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on which nerves are involved.

The term describes the effect of the disease, rather than its cause; some demyelinating diseases are caused by genetics, some by infectious agents, some by autoimmune reactions, and some by unknown factors. Organophosphates, a class of chemicals which are the active ingredients in commercial insecticides such as sheep dip, weed-killers, and flea treatment preparations for pets, etc., will also demyelinate nerves.

Neuroleptics can cause demyelination.[2]

Demyelinating diseases

Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system include:

Demyelinating diseases of the peripheral nervous system include:

See also

References

  1. ^ "demyelinating disease" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. ^ Konopaske GT, Dorph-Petersen KA, Sweet RA, et al. (April 2008). "Effect of chronic antipsychotic exposure on astrocyte and oligodendrocyte numbers in macaque monkeys". Biol. Psychiatry 63 (8): 759–65. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.018. . PMID 17945195. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006-3223(07)00847-5.
Pathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G04–G47, 323–349)
Inflammation
Brain Encephalitis (Viral encephalitis, Herpesviral encephalitis) · Cavernous sinus thrombosis · Brain abscess (Amoebic)
Spinal cord Myelitis: Poliomyelitis · Demyelinating disease (Transverse myelitis) · Tropical spastic paraparesis · Epidural abscess
Both/either Encephalomyelitis (Acute disseminated) Meningoencephalitis
Brain/ encephalopathy
Degenerative
Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease: Parkinsonism (PD, Postencephalitic, NMS) · PKAN · Tauopathy (PSP) · Striatonigral degeneration · Hemiballismus · HD · OA Dyskinesia: Dystonia (Status dystonicus, Spasmodic torticollis, Meige's, Blepharospasm) · Chorea (Choreoathetosis) · Myoclonus (Myoclonic epilepsy) · Akathesia Tremor (Essential tremor, Intention tremor) · Restless legs · Stiff person
Dementia Tauopathy: Alzheimer's (Early-onset) · Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (Pick's, Dementia with Lewy bodies) Multi-infarct dementia
Mitochondrial disease Leigh's disease
Demyelinating autoimmune (Multiple sclerosis, Neuromyelitis optica, Schilder's disease) · hereditary (Adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexander, Canavan, Krabbe, ML, PMD, VWM, MFC, CAMFAK syndrome) · Central pontine myelinolysis · Marchiafava-Bignami disease · Alpers' disease
Episodic/ paroxysmal
Seizure/epilepsy Focal · Generalised · Status epilepticus · Myoclonic epilepsy
Headache Migraine (Familial hemiplegic) · Cluster · Tension
Cerebrovascular TIA (Amaurosis fugax, Transient global amnesia) Stroke (MCA, ACA, PCA, Foville's, Millard-Gubler, Lateral medullary, Weber's, Lacunar stroke)
Sleep disorders Insomnia · Hypersomnia · Sleep apnea (Obstructive, Ondine's curse) · Narcolepsy · Cataplexy · Kleine-Levin · Circadian rhythm sleep disorder (Advanced sleep phase disorder, Delayed sleep phase disorder, Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, Jet lag)
CSF Intracranial hypertension (Hydrocephalus/NPH, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension) · Cerebral edema · Intracranial hypotension
Other Brain herniation · Reye's · Hepatic encephalopathy · Toxic encephalopathy
Spinal cord/ myelopathy Syringomyelia · Syringobulbia · Morvan's syndrome · Vascular myelopathy (Foix-Alajouanine syndrome) · Spinal cord compression
Both/either
Degenerative
SA Friedreich's ataxia · Ataxia telangiectasia
MND UMN only: PLS · PP · HSP LMN only: PMA · PBP (Fazio-Londe, Infantile progressive bulbar palsy) · Spinal muscular atrophies (SMA, SMARD1, SBMA, SMAX2, SMA-PCH, SMA-LED) both: ALS

: CNS

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Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of CNS (G35–G37, 340–341)
Signs and symptoms Ataxia · Depression · Diplopia · Dysarthria · Dysphagia · Fatigue · Incontinence · Neurological fatigue · Nystagmus · Optic neuritis · Pain · Uhthoff's phenomenon · Dawson's fingers
Diagnosis and evolution following McDonald criteria · Poser criteria · EDSS · Clinically isolated syndrome
Investigation Pathophysiology · Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Treatment Interferon beta-1a · Interferon beta-1b · Glatiramer acetate · Mitoxantrone · Natalizumab · Fingolimod · Therapies under investigation
Borderline forms

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis · Balo concentric sclerosis · Neuromyelitis optica · Marburg multiple sclerosis · Schilder's disease · Tumefactive multiple sclerosis

(Guillain-Barré syndrome and CIDP are PNS)
Other List of people with multiple sclerosis · List of multiple sclerosis organizations

: CNS

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Nervous system pathology, PNS, somatic (G50–G64, 350–357)
Nerve, nerve root, plexus
Cranial nerve disease V (Trigeminal neuralgia, Anesthesia dolorosa) · VII (Facial nerve paralysis, Bell's palsy, Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome, Parry–Romberg syndrome, Central seven) · XI (Accessory nerve disorder)
Radiculopathy, plexopathy brachial plexus (Brachial plexus lesion, Thoracic outlet syndrome) · Phantom limb
Mono- neuropathy
Upper limb median nerve (Carpal tunnel syndrome, Ape hand deformity) ulnar nerve (Ulnar nerve entrapment, Froment's sign, Guyon's canal syndrome, Ulnar claw) radial nerve (Radial neuropathy, Wrist drop, Cheiralgia paresthetica) long thoracic nerve (Winged scapula)
Lower limb lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (Meralgia paraesthetica) tibial nerve (Tarsal tunnel syndrome) plantar nerve (Morton's neuroma) superior gluteal nerve (Trendelenburg's sign) sciatic nerve (Piriformis syndrome)
General Causalgia · Mononeuritis multiplex · Neuropathy (Neuralgia/Neuritis) · Nerve compression syndrome
Polyneuropathies/Polyradiculoneuropathy
HMSN Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease · Dejerine–Sottas disease · Refsum's disease · Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Autoimmune/demyelinating Guillain–Barré syndrome · Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Other Alcoholic polyneuropathy

: PNS

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